Fixed drug eruption to cetirizine with positive lesional patch tests to the three piperazine derivatives

BACKGROUND: The H1-antihistamine cetirizine, a piperazine derivative widely used in daily practice, is rarely the cause of cutaneous drug reaction. Nevertheless, four cases of fixed drug eruption (FDE) as a result of this drug have been described recently. We present the case of a 45-year-old woman with a multilocalized FDE following oral intake of cetirizine for allergic rhinitis. METHODS: Patch testing with hydroxyzine 1% and 10% in petrolatum (Chemotechnique), and with powdered Zyrtec (cetirizine) and Xyzal (levocetirizine) pills, prepared at 20% in water and at 20% in petrolatum, was performed in both residual lesions and healthy skin. RESULTS: Positive results (++) to these drugs (24 h occlusion and readings at days 2 and 3) were obtained in residual lesions only. These results allowed us to confirm the drug responsible for this FDE and to study cross-reactions between antihistamines of the same chemical family. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of FDE to cetirizine with positive patch testing to hydroxyzine, cetirizine, and levocetirizine. This case highlights the importance of patch testing in the study of cutaneous drug reactions, namely FDE

Single tree effects on soil organic matter.

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Determination of ecologically relevant pools for soil organic matter stability in terra firme oxisols.

The study on soil pools identification which are sensitive to land-use changes in terra firme oxisols and yield easy to handle techniques for the evaluation of increasing te soil organic matter (SOM) porperties. For this purpose, it has studied the influence of ten different trees and annual crops on SOM properties on an oxisol near Manaus (Amazonas, Brasil). A combination of aggregate and density fractionation was found to be most suitable for physical SOM characterization. The particulate organic matter (POM, density less than 1.6g cm-3) varied by one order of magnitude between sites and could be used as a sensitive indicator of land-use changes. The obtained results are extremely important for the evaluation of the sustainability of the investigated lan-use systems and are the basis for soil ecological research on terra firme oxisols

Single-tree effects on soil organic matter properties of a xanthic Ferralsol in the central Amazon.

Studies on: a) identification soil pools which are sensitive to land-use changes on the terra firme; b) evaluation of the potential of different trees to increase soil organic matter (SOM) contents; and c) elucidation of the the mechanisms of SOM replenishment in Ferralsols of the central Amazon. Conclusions: using aggregate fractionation together with the chemical characterisation of SOM, the processes of incorporation of plant litter into stable SOM could be successfully studied in the strongly aggregated Ferralsol. Thus, it could be shown that aggregation promoted the stabilisation of SOM, but SOM did not incrase aggregate stability. The particulate organic matter was an important and valid indicator of the effects of different organic inputs on SOM properties. It could be used for assessing the effects of land-use or single trees on SOM of the studied Ferralsol. In the fraction 0.25mm-0.5mm strongly humified POM was incorporated into aggregates, being the most sensitive to land-use changes among the aggregate fractions.bitstream/item/181046/1/ID-2600-15-24.pd

Lime requirements and downward movement of Ca and Mg.

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Phosphorus fertilizer placement and profitability.

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Lime and gypsum applications.

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